amp16708p27.pdf (application/pdf Object).

If a magnet industry cluster is critical for knowledge spillover, and ultimately innovation, to occur, the question that naturally follows is, “Does a magnet industry cluster exist in the US?” I believe it does, though in a weakened state. If you take a US map and put one point of a compass on Dayton, Ohio, extend the other point out roughly 500 miles and draw a circle, you’ll capture the bulk of what is left of the US magnet industry cluster. It’s a wide swath in the center of the US. In the past, this cluster was much more vibrant. It contained many more participants in all areas, including suppliers, manufacturers and consumers. Our goal, return specific portions of the Magnet Industry to the US to improve security of our military and to provide jobs.

The US Magnet Cluster: Critical for the US Economy.

http://tinyurl.com/y8sht46

Why can a manufacturer like Sony attain 100% Renewable Energy, show corporate responsibility toward global warming and yet U.S. Companies refuse to move toward accepting their responsibilities in clean renewable energy. In the U.S. alone, Sony has reduced their CO2 emissions by 25,000 Tons. They purchased 42 million killowatt hours of renewable energy in the U.S. and intend to add 83 million kwh of renewable energy to their optical disc manufacturing facility and have received a green rating from Greenpeace.

Other than a few office buildings in the U.S. manufacturing companies have made no effort to reduce CO2 emissions and have lobbied congress to defeat the climate bill. The House of Representatives passed the bill, but what will the Senate do? Will they stand up and pass the bill or will they politicize the bill and strip out some of the key measures that will reduce CO2 emissions? We shall see after they return from their July 4th break.

Recharged Particles intends to utilize solar and other renewable energy sources to recycle Ferrous Chloride into Hydrochloric Acid and Nano-magnetic particles. More on this later.

What is Deepwell Injection? Why do companies rely on this process to dispose of waste liquid materials rather that being a good corporate citizen? Quite simply, companies see this method of disposal as a  philosophy of “Out of sight, Out of mind” and they do not have any responsibility for the materials sent hunderds to thousands of feet under the earths surface. That is unless the earth regurgitates the materials like happened at Love Canal and the people living in the immediate area start law suits and petitioning the EPA to make the company responsible for their actions. Deepwell injection is at best a short term solution to a long term problem. Does this sound familiar. Its how business operates in the United States. Why not solve the problem by recycling the liquid wastes, recovering the acids and materials contained in the acids and making usable products from each material.

For instance, in the case of Ferrous Chloride, the Hydrochloric acid can be recovered and nano magnetic materials made from the iron contained in the Ferrous Chloride.

Following is a good description of Deepwell Injection coupled with a schematic of the earths structure. AK Steel hopes that their disposal of Ferrous Chloride will be contained at a depth of approximately 2500 feet, approximately 2000 feet below the local ground water table. It remains to be seen whether AK Steel will be a good corporate citizen and perform the testing and monitoring required by the EPA Exemption.

Deepwell Injection…

Description… Deep well injection is a liquid waste disposal technology. This alternative uses injection wells to place treated or untreated liquid waste into geologic formations that have no potential to allow migration of contaminants into potential potable water aquifers.A typical injection well consists of concentric pipes, which extend several thousand feet down from the surface level into highly saline, permeable injection zones that are confined vertically by impermeable strata. The outermost pipe or surface casing, extends below the base of any underground sources of drinking water (USDW) and is cemented back to the surface to prevent contamination of the USDW. Directly inside the surface casing is a long string casing that extends to and sometimes into the injection zone. This casing is filled in with cement all the way back to the surface in order to seal off the injected waste from the formations above the injection zone back to the surface. The casing provides a seal between the wastes in the injection zone and the upper formations. The waste is injected through the injection tubing inside the long string casing either through perforations in the long string or in the open hole below the bottom of the long string. The space between the string casing and the injection tube, called the annulus, is filled with an inert, pressurized fluid, and is sealed at the bottom by a removable packer preventing injected wastewater from backing up into the annulus.
Applicability and Limitations… The target contaminant groups for deep well injection are VOCs, SVOCs, fuels, explosives, and pesticides. However, existing permitted deep well injection facilities are limited to a narrow range of specific wastes. Success at expanding existing permits to manage hazardous wastes seems unlikely. Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of these processes include ;

• Injection will not be used for hazardous waste disposal in any areas where seismic activity could potentially occur.
• Injected wastes must be compatible with the mechanical components of the injection well system and the natural formation water. The waste generator may be required to perform physical, chemical, biological, or thermal treatment for removal of various contaminants or constituents from the waste to modify the physical and chemical character of the waste to assure compatibility.
• High concentrations of suspended solids (typically >2 ppm) can lead to plugging of the injection interval.
• Corrosive media may react with the injection well components, with injection zone formation, or with confining strata with very undesirable results. Wastes should be neutralized.
• High iron concentrations may result in fouling when conditions alter the valence state and convert soluble to insoluble species.
• Organic carbon may serve as an energy source for indigenous or injected bacteria resulting in rapid population growth and subsequent fouling.
• Waste streams containing organic contaminants above their solubility limits may require pretreatment before injection into a well.
• Site assessment and aquifer characterization are required to determine suitability of site for wastewater injection.
• Extensive assessments must be completed prior to receiving approval from regulatory authority.

On June 24, 2008, the EPA published notice that an exemption was requested by AK Steel to dispose of hazardous waste from their Middletown Facility by deep well injecting the materials. It turns out that the hazardous waste is Ferrous Chloride, but you must do some investigation to determine this is the material that AK Steel wants to remove by deep well injection.

On October 30, 2008, the EPA issued the exemption for AK Steel.

There is mention of Ferrous Chloride, but only items where limits are discussed in the EPA press release are trace elements such as Chromium, Hexavalent Chromium, etc. Also noted are that NO limits are placed on the pH of the material or the concentration of Ferrous Chloride in the hazardous waste.

One other item of note is that in previous discussions with personnel at AK Steel, the quantity of waste Ferrous Chloride deep well injected was 32000 gallons/day. This new exemption allows up to 87000 gallons/day an increase of almost 200%. One question is how does AK Steel monitor migration of the Ferrous Chloride from the deep well?

Oct 30, 2008 (Environmental Protection Agency Documents and Publications/ContentWorks via COMTEX) –

“Notices”

SUMMARY: Notice is hereby given by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that an exemption to the land disposal restrictions under the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) has been granted to AK Steel Corporation (AK Steel) of Middletown, Ohio, for two Class I injection wells located in Middletown, Ohio. As required by 40 CFR part 148, AK Steel has demonstrated, to a reasonable degree of certainty, that there will be no migration of hazardous constituents out of the injection zone or into an underground source of drinking water (USDW) for at least 10,000 years. This final decision allows the continued underground injection by AK Steel of a specific restricted waste, Waste Pickle Liquor, (code K062 under 40 CFR part 261), into two Class I hazardous waste injection wells specifically identified as Waste Disposal Wells No. 1 and No. 2, at the Middletown facility. This decision constitutes a final EPA action for which, except for the two parties who commented on the draft decision, there is no Administrative Appeal.

DATES: This action is effective as of October 30, 2008.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Leslie Patterson, Lead Petition Reviewer, EPA, Region V, telephone (312) 886-4904. Copies of the petition and all pertinent information relating thereto are on file and are part of the Administrative Record. It is recommended that you contact the lead reviewer prior to reviewing the Administrative Record.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: AK Steel submitted a petition for renewal of an existing exemption from the land disposal restrictions of hazardous waste on March 6, 2006. EPA personnel reviewed all data pertaining to the petition, including, but not limited to, well construction, well operations, regional and local geology, seismic activity, penetrations of the confining zone, and computational models of the injection zone. EPA has determined that the geologic setting at the site as well as the construction and operation of the wells are adequate to prevent fluid migration out of the injection zone within 10,000 years, as required under 40 CFR part 148. The injection zone at this site is the upper Middle Run Formation, the Mt. Simon Sandstone, and the Eau Claire Formation, at depths between 2,423 feet to 3,296 feet below ground level. The confining zone is the Knox Dolomite at depths between 1,172 feet to 2,423 feet below ground level. The confining zone is separated from the lowermost underground source of drinking water (at a depth of 522 feet below ground level) by a sequence of permeable and less permeable sedimentary rocks, which provide additional protection from fluid migration into drinking water sources.

EPA issued a draft decision, which described the reasons for granting this exemption in more detail, a fact sheet, which summarized these reasons, and a public notice on June 21, 2008, pursuant to 40 CFR 124.10. A public meeting was subsequently held in Middletown on July 21, 2008. The public comment period expired on August 5, 2008. EPA received two comments on the proposed exemption granted to AK Steel, neither of which bear on the validity of the no-migration demonstration. Although the draft decision incorrectly referred to an injection rate of 90 gallons per minute, this final decision is based on the more conservative injection rate that was used to demonstrate no-migration. This value is 60 gallons per minute, combined for both wells. EPA has determined that its reasons for granting the exemption as set forth in the original draft decision remain valid. A final exemption is therefore granted as proposed.

Conditions

This exemption is subject to the following conditions. Non-compliance with any of these conditions is grounds for termination of the exemption:

(1) All regulatory requirements in 40 CFR 148.24 are incorporated by reference;

(2) The exemption applies to the two existing injection wells, UIC Well No. 1 and

UIC Well No. 2, located at the AK Steel facility at 1801 Crawford Street, Middletown, Ohio;

(3) Injection is limited to that part of the lower Eau Claire Formation, Mt. Simon Sandstone, and upper Middle Run Sandstone at depths between 2,900 and 3,296 feet below the surface (referenced from an eight-foot Kelly bushing);

(4) Only wastes denoted by the RCRA waste code K062 may be injected;

(5) Maximum concentrations of chemical contaminants that are hazardous at less than one part per million are limited according to the table below:

Chemical constituent……………… Maximum concentration at the well head

……………………………….. (mg/L)

Chromium………………………… 1,200

Hexavalent Chromium………………..1,200

Lead……………………………. 1,000

Nickel………………………….. 542

(6) The specific gravity of the injected waste stream must at all times range from 1.00 to 1.30;

(7) The volume of wastes injected in any month through both wells at the site must not exceed 2,629,800 gallons;

(8) This exemption is approved for the 12-year modeled injection period, which ends on October 1, 2017. AK Steel may petition EPA for a reissuance of the exemption beyond that date, provided that EPA Region 5 receives a new and complete petition and no-migration demonstration by April 1, 2017.

(9) AK Steel must quarterly submit to EPA a report containing the fluid analyses of the injected waste which must indicate the chemical and physical properties upon which the no-migration petition was based, including the levels of those constituents listed in Condition 5 of this exemption approval;

(10) AK Steel must annually submit to EPA a report containing the results of a bottom hole pressure survey (fall-off test) performed on either UIC Well No. 1 or UIC Well No. 2. The survey must be performed after shutting in the well for a period of time sufficient to allow the pressure in the injection interval to reach equilibrium, in accordance with 40 CFR 146.68(e)(1). The annual report must include a comparison of reservoir parameters determined from the fall-off test with parameters used in the approved no-migration petition; and

(11) The petitioner must fully comply with all requirements set forth in Underground Injection Control Permits UIC 05-09-001-PTO-I and UIC 05-09-002-PTO-I issued by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Upon the expiration, cancellation, reissuance, or modification of these permits by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, this exemption is subject to review. A new demonstration may be required if information shows that the basis for granting the exemption is no longer valid under 40 CFR 148.23 and 148.24.

Dated: October 7, 2008.

Timothy C. Henry,

Acting Director, Water Division, EPA Region 5.

Notice of final decision on petition.

Citation: “73 FR 64614″

Document Number: “FRL-8736-6″

Federal Register Page Number: “64614″

Ferrous Chloride, 4-Hydrate

1. Product Identification

Synonyms: Iron (II) Chloride, Tetrahydrate; Iron Chloride, Tetrahydrate

CAS No.: 7758-94-3 (Anhydrous) 13478-10-9 (Tetrahydrate)

Molecular Weight: 198.81

Chemical Formula: FeCl2.4H2O

Product Codes: 2064

2. Composition/Information on Ingredients

Ingredient CAS No Percent Hazardous

————————————— ———— ———— ———

Ferrous Chloride 7758-94-3 99 – 100% Yes

3. Hazards Identification

Emergency Overview

————————–

DANGER! CORROSIVE. CAUSES SEVERE IRRITATION OR BURNS TO EVERY AREA OF CONTACT. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. AFFECTS THE LIVER.

J.T. Baker SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)

———————————————————————————————————–

Health Rating: 2 – Moderate

Flammability Rating: 0 – None

Reactivity Rating: 1 – Slight

Contact Rating: 3 – Severe (Corrosive)

Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES & SHIELD; LAB COAT & APRON; VENT HOOD; PROPER GLOVES

Storage Color Code: White (Corrosive)

———————————————————————————————————–

Potential Health Effects

———————————-

Inhalation:

Corrosive. Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea and vomiting.

Ingestion:

Corrosive. Swallowing can cause severe burns of the mouth, throat, and stomach. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea. Low systemic toxicity in small quantities but larger doses may cause systemic effects. Pink urine discoloration is a strong indicator of iron poisoning. Liver damage, coma and death may follow, sometimes delayed as long as three days.

Skin Contact:

Corrosive. May cause severe irritation, redness, pain, and skin burns.

Eye Contact:

Corrosive. Contact causes severe irritation, burns, redness, and pain.

Chronic Exposure:

Repeated ingestion may cause liver damage. Prolonged exposure of the eyes may cause discoloration.

Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:

No information found.

Ferrous Chloride, 4-Hydrate.

At Recharged Particles we’re working on a system to recover and recycle the HCl and turn the remaining Ferrous(Iron) materials into a new type of nano-particle magnetic material for use in high-tech industry.

The current systems of disposal include 1) spray drying which destroys the HCl and produces enormous quantities of Iron Oxide, 2) precipitation of the Iron Oxide and recycling of the HCl which again results in large quantities of Iron Oxide and 3) waste water treatment in sewage disposal plants where the Ferrous Chloride helps remove phosphates and sulfides.

Look for our booth if FECL[sub]2[/sub] is burning a hole in your bottom line.